Transcervical Insemination (TCI) is a non-surgical procedure used to inseminate female dogs with fresh, chilled, or frozen semen, directly into the uterus. This detailed guide covers everything you need to know about TCI, from the benefits and necessary equipment to step-by-step instructions and potential challenges. Whether you're a professional dog breeder or veterinarian, this resource will help you achieve reliable and successful breeding outcomes.

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What is Transcervical Insemination (TCI) for Dogs?

Transcervical Insemination (TCI) is a precise, non-invasive method used to introduce semen directly into the uterus of the female dog via the cervix, without the need for surgery or anesthesia. TCI can be performed using fresh, chilled, or frozen semen, making it a versatile and effective technique for breeders looking to maximize fertility and improve the success rate of artificial insemination (AI) in dogs.

TCI allows breeders to access superior genetics from stud dogs around the world without needing natural mating. It’s an ideal option for breeding dogs with valuable genetics, dogs that are geographically distant, or males that are no longer capable of natural breeding due to age or injury.

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Why Use TCI in Dog Breeding?

1. Non-Surgical Procedure: Unlike surgical artificial insemination (AI), TCI does not require anesthesia or invasive surgery, reducing stress on the female dog and making the procedure safer.

2. Use of Frozen or Chilled Semen: TCI can be performed using frozen, chilled, or fresh semen, allowing breeders to use valuable semen from stud dogs located anywhere in the world.

3. Increased Precision: The TCI method ensures that the semen is deposited directly into the uterus, maximizing the chances of fertilization, particularly with frozen or lower-quality semen.

4. Multiple Breeding Opportunities: TCI allows multiple inseminations during a female’s estrus period without the need for additional surgeries, optimizing the chance for conception.

How to Perform Transcervical Insemination (TCI) on Dogs – Step-by-Step Guide

1. Prepare the Female Dog for TCI

• Ensure the female dog is standing on an adjustable-height table to make the process more comfortable for both the dog and the practitioner.

• Sedation is rarely necessary unless the dog is highly uncooperative or anxious. If sedation is needed, minimal sedation with a light sedative, like Dexdomitor®, is typically used.

2. Equipment Needed for TCI

• Endoscope: The primary tool for visualizing the cervix. A rigid endoscope is inserted into the vaginal canal, allowing the practitioner to see the cervix in real-time.

• Catheter: The insemination catheter is used to pass the semen through the cervix and into the uterus. Catheters come in various sizes to accommodate different dog breeds.

• TCI Shunt System: For medium to large dogs, a TCI shunt with an inflatable cuff can be used to improve the procedure's precision and success.

• Semen Sample: Fresh, chilled, or frozen semen can be used. Ensure that frozen semen is thawed properly before insemination.

3. Locating the Cervix

• Insert the endoscope gently into the vaginal canal and navigate through to locate the external cervical os.

• Use insufflation to inflate the vaginal canal for better visualization if needed.

• If visualization is difficult due to estrual fluids or epithelial cells, use a swab to clear the view.

4. Inserting the Catheter

• Carefully advance the catheter through the cervix and into the uterus. Ensure minimal force is applied to avoid trauma to the cervix or surrounding tissues.

• Slight rotation or repositioning of the catheter may be necessary, especially if the cervix is tilted or difficult to navigate.

• Monitor for signs of discomfort or resistance from the dog.

5. Insemination Process

• Slowly deposit the semen into the uterus while watching for retrograde leakage through the endoscope.

• Use a controlled, steady pace to ensure optimal placement of the semen within the uterine body.

• If necessary, divide the semen between the uterine horns for maximum fertility.

6. Post-Insemination Care

• After insemination, gently remove the catheter and endoscope.

• Allow the dog to rest in a comfortable and quiet space post-procedure.

Best Practices for Transcervical Insemination in Dogs

1. Progesterone Testing: To ensure the optimal time for insemination, use progesterone testing to track ovulation. The best time for TCI with frozen semen is approximately 72 hours after ovulation, while fresh semen is best used 48 hours post-ovulation.

2. Semen Quality: Ensure that the semen is of high quality before performing the TCI. Sperm motility, concentration, and morphology are crucial factors for successful insemination.

3. Proper Equipment: The use of specialized TCI equipment is essential for success. Endoscopes and catheters should be chosen based on the size and breed of the dog.

4. Multiple Inseminations: Performing multiple inseminations within the estrus period can increase the chances of pregnancy, particularly when using frozen semen. Two TCI procedures within a 48-hour window may improve fertility rates.

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Things to Watch Out For During TCI

1. Difficulty Navigating the Cervix: In larger dogs or those with a tilted cervix, it can be challenging to pass the catheter through the cervix. Rotating the scope or applying gentle pressure may help overcome this obstacle.

2. Fluid Obstruction: Excessive estrual fluid or epithelial shedding may obstruct the view of the cervix. Clearing the fluid with a swab can improve visualization.

3. Retrograde Leakage: During insemination, monitor for retrograde leakage of semen. If leakage occurs, pause the procedure and adjust the catheter placement to ensure the semen stays within the uterus.

4. Patient Stress: While TCI is generally well-tolerated, some dogs may become stressed or agitated during the procedure. Minimize stress by using sedation if necessary and ensuring the dog is comfortable throughout the process.

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Why Choose Transcervical Insemination for Your Breeding Program?

• Improved Fertility Rates: By delivering semen directly into the uterus, TCI increases the likelihood of successful fertilization, particularly with frozen or low-motility semen.

• Less Invasive than Surgical AI: TCI does not require general anesthesia or surgery, making it a safer and more cost-effective option for dog breeders.

• Versatile for Different Semen Types: Whether you're using fresh, chilled, or frozen semen, TCI provides a reliable method for introducing semen into the female’s reproductive tract.

• Multiple Inseminations: With TCI, breeders can perform multiple inseminations within a single estrus cycle, maximizing the chances of pregnancy.

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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about Canine TCI

Q: How long does a TCI procedure take?
A: The entire procedure typically takes between 10-30 minutes, depending on the dog's size and cooperation, as well as the complexity of passing the catheter.

Q: Can TCI be performed without sedation?
A: Yes, most dogs tolerate TCI well without sedation. However, if the dog is highly anxious or uncooperative, minimal sedation may be used.

Q: What kind of semen can be used for TCI?
A: TCI can be performed using fresh, chilled, or frozen semen, making it a versatile option for breeders.

Q: Is TCI better than surgical AI?
A: TCI is less invasive, safer, and allows for multiple inseminations without the need for surgery or anesthesia, making it a preferred method for many breeders.

Q: What equipment is needed for TCI?
A: The primary equipment includes an endoscope, catheter, and TCI shunt system, along with semen collection tools and progesterone testing kits for timing ovulation.

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Conclusion

Transcervical Insemination (TCI) is an advanced, non-invasive technique that has revolutionized the way dog breeders perform artificial insemination. With the right equipment, training, and technique, TCI allows for precise, efficient insemination using fresh, chilled, or frozen semen. Whether you're a professional breeder or veterinarian, TCI offers a safe, reliable, and cost-effective method for maximizing fertility and ensuring successful breeding outcomes.

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